{"id":324,"date":"2021-08-20T16:52:29","date_gmt":"2021-08-20T16:52:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/?page_id=324"},"modified":"2022-04-16T19:03:33","modified_gmt":"2022-04-16T19:03:33","slug":"marsh-elder","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/aras-gardens\/native-gardens\/marsh-elder\/","title":{"rendered":"Marsh Elder"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”-29px|auto||auto||” custom_padding=”1px|||||”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/marsh-elder.png” title_text=”marsh elder” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” width=”72%” width_tablet=”23%” module_alignment=”left” custom_margin=”|157px||||” module_alignment_tablet=”center” module_alignment_phone=”” module_alignment_last_edited=”on|tablet”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_font_size=”43px” header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” module_alignment=”left” custom_margin=”66px||6px|-110px|false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”-12px||6px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|||0px|false|false”]<\/p>\n

Marsh Elder<\/h1>\n

(Iva annua)<\/em><\/h2>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”-58px||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px|||||”]<\/p>\n

Marsh elder is a relative of sunflower and produces an edible, oily seed like sunflowers. Domesticated varieties of marsh elder no longer exist, but wild marsh elder is still quite common in wet ditches along the side of highways and in similar environments. The domestication of marsh elder can be identified in archeological specimens, which features seeds larger than modern wild seeds. Stores of marsh elder seeds, which are significantly larger than today’s wild variety, have been found in pit features and even in preserved bags from Arkansas bluff shelters. Although its strong odor makes it somewhat unpalatable to us today, we know that it was used for food because marsh elder seeds have been found in paleofeces preserved in bluff shelters. Marsh elder is certainly nutritious, with high amounts of protein, fat, iron, and calcium.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][dipl_image_card title=”Marsh elder in May. Marsh elder plants are hardy and persistant. They spread easily and will take over a garden bed if you aren’t careful.” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/IMG_0365-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” content_text_color=”#000000″ content_font_size=”16px” width_tablet=”” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|tablet”][\/dipl_image_card][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][dipl_image_card title=”Marsh elder in June. When young, their resemblace to their relative the sunflower is especially pronounced.” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Iva-June-2021.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” content_text_color=”#000000″ content_font_size=”16px” locked=”off”][\/dipl_image_card][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][dipl_image_card title=”Marsh elder end of June” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Young-iva-2-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” locked=”off”][\/dipl_image_card][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][dipl_image_card title=”Marsh elder in August” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Iva-annua-Augb-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” locked=”off”][\/dipl_image_card][dipl_image_card title=”Marsh elder in fall. By fall, the flowers have dried up and the black seeds of the marsh elder can be harvested.” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/06\/butterfly-on-iva-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” content_text_color=”#000000″ content_font_size=”16px” locked=”off”][\/dipl_image_card][dipl_image_card title=”Marsh elder seeds. We are not sure exactly how marsh elder seeds were prepared for consumption although there is some evidence that they may have been roasted like we do today to their sunflower cousins.” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/09\/Marshelder-1.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” content_text_color=”#000000″ content_font_size=”16px” locked=”off”][\/dipl_image_card][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][dipl_image_card title=”Marsh elder in September. By August, the green %22flowers%22 of the marsh elder are out.” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Aug-2020-iva.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” content_text_color=”#000000″ content_font_size=”16px” locked=”off”][\/dipl_image_card][dipl_image_card title=”Marsh elder in October. By fall, the marsh elder flowers dry up and if not harvested, the seeds will drop to the ground, reseeding for next summer.” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Dried-iva.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” content_text_color=”#000000″ content_font_size=”16px” locked=”off”][\/dipl_image_card][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][dipl_separator separator_color=”#477559″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” locked=”off”][\/dipl_separator][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” module_alignment=”center”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_2_text_align=”center” header_2_font_size=”30px” custom_margin=”-23px||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px|||||” header_2_text_align_tablet=”” header_2_text_align_phone=”” header_2_text_align_last_edited=”on|desktop” header_2_font_size_tablet=”25px” header_2_font_size_phone=”20px”]<\/p>\n

Marsh Elder References<\/h2>\n

Ash, David L., and Nancy B. Ash<\/p>\n

1978\u00a0\u00a0 The Economic Potential of Iva annua<\/em> and Its Prehistoric Importance in the Lower illinois Valley. In The Nature and Status of Ethnobotany, <\/em>edited by Richard I. Form, pp. 300-341. Anthropoloigcal Papers no. 67. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Black, Meredith<\/p>\n

1963\u00a0\u00a0 The Distribution and Archaeological Significance of the Marsh Elder, Iva annua<\/em> L. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters<\/em> 48:541-47.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Fritz, Gayle J.<\/p>\n

2019\u00a0\u00a0 Feeding Cahokia: Early Agriculture in the North American Heartland. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Smith, Bruce D.<\/p>\n

1992\u00a0\u00a0 The Economic Potential of Iva annua<\/em> in Prehistoric Eastern North America. In Rivers of Change: Essays on Early Agriculture in Eastern North America<\/em>, by Bruce D. Smith, pp. 185-200. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Wagner, Gail E. and Peter H. Carrington<\/p>\n

2014\u00a0\u00a0 Sumpweed or Marshelder (Iva annua). <\/em>In New Lives for Ancient and Extinct Crops<\/em>, edited by Paul E. Minnis, pp.65-101. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Yarnell, Richard<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0\u00a0 Iva annua<\/em> var.: Extinct American Cultigen? American Anthropologist <\/em>74:335-341. <\/em><\/p>\n

1978\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>The Domestication of Sunflower and Sumpweed in Eastern North America. In The Nature and Status of Ethnobotany, <\/em>edited by Richard I. Ford, 289-300. Anthropological Papers no. 67. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Ann Arbor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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