{"id":359,"date":"2021-08-20T16:59:27","date_gmt":"2021-08-20T16:59:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/?page_id=359"},"modified":"2023-05-01T17:10:27","modified_gmt":"2023-05-01T17:10:27","slug":"little-barley","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/aras-gardens\/native-gardens\/little-barley\/","title":{"rendered":"Little Barley"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,3_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”-39px|auto||auto||” custom_padding=”0px|||||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/06\/little-barley.png” title_text=”little barley” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” width=”30%” width_tablet=”9%” width_phone=”10%” width_last_edited=”on|phone” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”|157px||||” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_font_size=”43px” header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” module_alignment=”left” custom_margin=”130px|||-70px|false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”-3px|||0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|||0px|false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Little Barley<\/h1>\n

(Hordeum pussilum)<\/em><\/h2>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”-43px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Little Barley (Hordeum pussilum) <\/em>is a grass native to the southeast and Midwestern United States.\u00a0 In late spring, this unassuming grass produces a starchy grain that Indigenous people living in Arkansas and the southeast in general used as food. Spring is a time when food stores run low and there is not a lot of plants around to eat yet, so this must have made little barley a significant food source. There is archeological evidence for its use as food at least by about 2000 years ago. While changes in the seed or plant form has not been observed to indicate formal domestication, it is clear that people were intentionally planting little barley based on its association with other domesticated plants like goosefoot.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][dipl_image_card title=”Little Barley” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/06\/IMG_0390-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/dipl_image_card][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][dipl_image_card title=”Little Barley” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/06\/IMG_0389-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/dipl_image_card][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][dipl_image_card title=”Little Barley” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Little-Barley-with-sign.jpg” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/dipl_image_card][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][dipl_image_card title=”Little barley seed heads dry by June and are ready to harvest.” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/06\/Dry-little-barley-sized.jpg” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” content_text_color=”#000000″ content_font_size=”16px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/dipl_image_card][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][dipl_image_card title=”It is not yet clear just how Native people processed little barley to remove the outer seed coat before eating it. The plants may have been selected for ease of removal of this seed covering.” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/06\/Little-Barley-2.jpg” _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” content_text_color=”#000000″ content_font_size=”16px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/dipl_image_card][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][dipl_separator separator_color=”#477559″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/dipl_separator][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” module_alignment=”center” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_2_text_align=”center” header_2_font_size=”30px” custom_margin=”-33px||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px|||||” header_2_text_align_tablet=”” header_2_text_align_phone=”” header_2_text_align_last_edited=”on|phone” header_2_font_size_tablet=”25px” header_2_font_size_phone=”20px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Little Barley References<\/h2>\n

Adams, Karen R.<\/p>\n

1987\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Little Barley (Hordeum pusillum) <\/em>as a Possible New World Domesticate. In La Ciudad, Specialized Studies in Economy, Environment, and Culture of La Ciudad, Part III<\/em>, edited by JoAnn E. Kisslburg, Glen E. Rice, and Brenda L. Shears, pp.203-237. Arizona State University Anthropological Field Studies 20.<\/p>\n

2014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Little Barley Grass (Hordeum pusillum Nutt.):<\/em> A Prehispanic New World Domesticate Lost to History. <\/em>In New Lives for Ancient and Extinct Crops<\/em>, edited by Paul E. Minnis, pp. 139-179. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Fritz, Gayle J.<\/p>\n

2019\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Feeding Cahokia: Early Agriculture in the North American Heartland<\/em>. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Hunter, Andrea A.<\/p>\n

1992\u00a0\u00a0 Utilization of Hordeum pusillum (Little Barley) in the Midwest United States: Applying<\/em> Rindos\u2019 Co-evolutionary Model of Domestication<\/em>. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of\u00a0 Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Mueller, Natalie G., Gaye J. Fritz, Paul Patton, Stephen Carmody, and Elizabeth T. Horton<\/p>\n

2017\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Growing the Lost Crops of Eastern North America’s Original Agricultural System, Nature Plants <\/em>3: 1-5.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Smith, Bruce D., and Richard A. Yarnell<\/p>\n

\u00a02009\u00a0\u00a0 Initial Formation of an Indigenous Crop Complex in Eastern North America at 3800 B.P. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(16):<\/em>6561-6566.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Little Barley (Hordeum pussilum)Little Barley (Hordeum pussilum) is a grass native to the southeast and Midwestern United States.\u00a0 In late spring, this unassuming grass produces a starchy grain that Indigenous people living in Arkansas and the southeast in general used as food. Spring is a time when food stores run low and there is not […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":30,"featured_media":182,"parent":137,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-359","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/359","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/30"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=359"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/359\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2444,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/359\/revisions\/2444"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/137"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/182"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=359"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}