[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,3_4″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”-38px|auto|-58px|auto|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|||||”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/06\/Fiddlehead.png” alt=”Drawning of fern unfurling” title_text=”Fiddlehead” align_tablet=”” align_phone=”center” align_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” width=”91%” width_tablet=”25%” width_phone=”23%” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”15px||||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”||11px|||”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” text_font_size=”20px” header_font_size=”50px” custom_margin=”95px||||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”-140px|||0px|false|false” custom_margin_phone=”-37px|||0px|false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone”]<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”-9px||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px|||||”]<\/p>\n
It can be challenging for archeologists to study what vegetables Indigenous people in the past were eating since leaves and fleshy parts of plants do not usually preserve in the ground for very long. Researchers do sometimes find seeds associated with plants with edible green parts that were likely gathered and eaten by people living in Arkansas for thousands of years. We also have a specific example of edible greens being depicted in rock art (see below).<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|||||”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/05\/Header_icon.png” title_text=”Header_icon” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” module_alignment=”center”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” custom_margin=”-33px||-1px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px|||0px|false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ module_id=”Fiddlehead” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_slider use_text_overlay=”on” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size=”18px” background_color=”#7EBEC5″ width_tablet=”” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|tablet” max_width_tablet=”” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|tablet” content_width_tablet=”” content_width_phone=”” content_width_last_edited=”on|tablet” content_max_width_tablet=”” content_max_width_phone=”” content_max_width_last_edited=”on|tablet” height_tablet=”” height_phone=”250px” height_last_edited=”on|phone” body_font_size_tablet=”16px” body_font_size_phone=”” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_enable_color_tablet=”on” hover_transition_delay_tablet=”” hover_transition_delay_phone=”300ms” hover_transition_delay_last_edited=”on|phone”][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/06\/fiddleheads-scaled.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n
%22Fiddlehead%22 ferns are a growth stage of ferns when they are just coming up and in the process of unfurling. They are only edible at this stage- and only some species of ferns are not edible at all (so don’t go around eating them if you haven’t done additional research).<\/p>\n
” content_phone=”<\/p>\n
%22Fiddleheads%22 are a growth stage of ferns. They are only edible at this stage- and only some species are at all.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”1px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/06\/fiddleheads-scaled.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” title_text_phone=”fiddleheads” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n
“Fiddlehead” ferns are a growth stage of ferns when they are just coming up and in the process of unfurling. Fiddlehead ferns also refer to a specific type of fern (commonly called Ostrich Fern) that grows in the Eastern United States. <\/em>Ferns are only edible at this stage- and only some species of ferns are not edible at all (so don’t go around eating them if you haven’t done additional research). Also, fiddlehead ferns need to be cooked before eating. Even so,\u00a0 fiddlehead ferns were likely eaten people living in Arkansas thousands of year ago.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/3CN17-p7.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n This rock art image on Petit Jean Mountain is interpreted by researchers as a fiddlehead fern.<\/p>\n ” content_phone=”<\/p>\n Fiddlehead fern in rock art<\/p>\n ” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”1px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/3CN17-p7.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” background_size_phone=”cover” alt_phone=”Red painted image on rock” title_text_phone=”3CN17 Element 17″ sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n This rock art image on Petit Jean Mountain is interpreted by researchers as a fiddlehead fern.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/ferns-June-2021-scaled.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n Ferns emerge in early spring. There are ferns growing around the WRI Station and in the Native Arkansas Plant Walkway at WRI.<\/p>\n ” content_phone=”<\/p>\n Ferns emerge in early spring. There are ferns growing around the WRI Station and in the Native Arkansas Plant Walkway at WRI.<\/p>\n ” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”1px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/ferns-June-2021-scaled.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” title_text_phone=”ferns June 2021″ sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n Ferns emerge in early spring. There are ferns growing around the WRI Station and in the Native Arkansas Plant Walkway at WRI.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/fern-spores.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n Ferns don’t flower and make seeds. Rather they reproduce using spores (the brown dots on the underside of mature ferns).<\/p>\n ” content_phone=”<\/p>\n Ferns don’t flower and make seeds. Rather they reproduce using spores (the brown dots on the underside of mature ferns).<\/p>\n ” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” hover_transition_delay=”100ms” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”1px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/fern-spores.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”Back of fern with brown dots” title_text_phone=”fern spores” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n Ferns don’t flower and make seeds. Rather they reproduce using spores (the brown dots on the underside of mature ferns).<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][\/et_pb_slider][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” custom_margin=”||-1px||false|false” custom_padding=”40px||||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ module_id=”Purslane” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_slider use_text_overlay=”on” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size=”18px” background_color=”#7EBEC5″ width_tablet=”” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|tablet” max_width_tablet=”” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|tablet” content_width_tablet=”” content_width_phone=”” content_width_last_edited=”on|tablet” content_max_width_tablet=”” content_max_width_phone=”” content_max_width_last_edited=”on|tablet” height_tablet=”” height_phone=”250px” height_last_edited=”on|phone” body_font_size_tablet=”16px” body_font_size_phone=”” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_enable_color_tablet=”on” hover_transition_delay_tablet=”” hover_transition_delay_phone=”300ms” hover_transition_delay_last_edited=”on|phone”][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/20210726_090653.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n Purslane is a low growing plant that spreads easily.<\/p>\n ” content_phone=”<\/p>\n Purslane is a low growing plant that spreads easily.<\/p>\n ” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”1px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/20210726_090653.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”Small rounded leafed plant” title_text_phone=”Young purslane” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n Purslane is a low growing plant that spreads easily. <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/20210726_091841.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n Purslane has small yellow flowers.<\/p>\n ” content_phone=”<\/p>\n Purslane has small yellow flowers.<\/p>\n ” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”1px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/20210726_091841.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”Low growing plant with small yellow flower” title_text_phone=”Purslane flowers” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n Purslane has small yellow flowers.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Purslane.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n Purslane sprawls along the ground and is a good ground cover to keep weeds at bay between plants.<\/p>\n ” content_phone=”<\/p>\n Purslane sprawls along the ground and is a good ground cover to keep weeds at bay between plants.<\/p>\n ” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”1px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Purslane.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” title_text_phone=”Purslane” alt_phone=”Sprawling green plant” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n Purslane sprawls along the ground and is a good ground cover to keep weeds at bay between plants.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/seeds-1.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n Purslane seeds are tiny and black with a dimply texture. To non-paleoethnobotanists, purslane seeds look quite similar to goosefoot seeds. Purslane seeds are also edible and contain a good amount of protein and fatty acids (Mohamed and Hussein 1994).<\/p>\n ” content_phone=”<\/p>\n Purslane seeds are tiny and black with a dimply texture.<\/p>\n ” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”1px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/seeds-1.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”Tiny black seeds on a centimeter scale” title_text_phone=”purslane seeds” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n Purslane seeds are tiny and black with a dimply texture. To non-paleoethnobotanists, purslane seeds look quite similar to goosefoot seeds. Purslane seeds are also edible and contain a good amount of protein and fatty acids (Mohamed and Hussein 1994).<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][\/et_pb_slider][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” custom_margin=”||-1px||false|false” custom_padding=”40px||||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ hover_transition_delay_tablet=”” hover_transition_delay_phone=”300ms” hover_transition_delay_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” module_id=”Amaranth” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_slider use_text_overlay=”on” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size=”18px” background_color=”#7EBEC5″ width_tablet=”” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|tablet” max_width_tablet=”” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|tablet” content_width_tablet=”” content_width_phone=”” content_width_last_edited=”on|tablet” content_max_width_tablet=”” content_max_width_phone=”” content_max_width_last_edited=”on|tablet” height_tablet=”” height_phone=”250px” height_last_edited=”on|phone” body_font_size_tablet=”16px” body_font_size_phone=”” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_enable_color_tablet=”on” hover_transition_delay_tablet=”” hover_transition_delay_phone=”300ms” hover_transition_delay_last_edited=”on|phone”][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/20210726_091057.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n The leaves of amaranth are edible, and almost certainly gathered by Indigenous people of Arkansas and included in cooked meals for added nutrition and flavoring.<\/p>\n ” content_phone=”<\/p>\n The leaves of amaranth are edible, and almost certainly gathered by Indigenous people of Arkansas and included in cooked meals for added nutrition and flavoring.<\/p>\n ” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”1px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/20210726_091057.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”Small plant” title_text_phone=”Young amaranth” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n The leaves of amaranth are edible, and almost certainly gathered by Indigenous people of Arkansas and included in cooked meals for added nutrition and flavoring.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide button_link=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/aras-gardens\/mississippian\/amaranth\/” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2022\/01\/Amaranth-harvested-scaled.jpg” use_text_overlay=”on” button_text_tablet=”” button_text_phone=”” button_text_last_edited=”on|desktop” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n More information about amaranth and Indigenous peoples’ use of its seeds as food can be found by clicking here.<\/p>\n ” content_phone=”<\/p>\n More information about amaranth and Indigenous peoples’ use of its seeds as food can be found by clicking here<\/p>\n ” content_last_edited=”on|tablet” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” background_enable_image=”off” link_option_url=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/aras-gardens\/mississippian\/amaranth\/” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2022\/01\/0717180946_HDR.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”Flowering amaranth” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n More information about amaranth and Indigenous peoples’ use of its seeds as food can be found by clicking here.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][\/et_pb_slider][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” custom_margin=”||-1px||false|false” custom_padding=”40px||||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ locked=”off” module_id=”Goosefoot” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_slider _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size=”18px” background_color=”#7EBEC5″ width_tablet=”” width_phone=”” width_last_edited=”on|tablet” max_width_tablet=”” max_width_phone=”” max_width_last_edited=”on|tablet” content_width_tablet=”” content_width_phone=”” content_width_last_edited=”on|tablet” content_max_width_tablet=”” content_max_width_phone=”” content_max_width_last_edited=”on|tablet” height_tablet=”” height_phone=”250px” height_last_edited=”on|phone” link_option_url=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/aras-gardens\/native-gardens\/goosefoot\/” body_font_size_tablet=”16px” body_font_size_phone=”” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_enable_color_tablet=”on” hover_transition_delay_tablet=”” hover_transition_delay_phone=”300ms” hover_transition_delay_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off”][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/seedheads-forming-scaled.jpg” use_text_overlay=”on” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n The leaves of young goosefoot plants were gathered by Indigenous people. They are a good source of vitamin C and have a good amount of protein.<\/p>\n ” content_phone=”<\/p>\n Young goosefoot leaves are edible.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n ” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”1px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” body_text_color_tablet=”” body_text_color_phone=”#ffffff” body_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/seedheads-forming-scaled.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” locked=”off” alt_phone=”Plant with green leaves” title_text_phone=”seedheads forming” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n The leaves of young goosefoot plants were gathered by Indigenous people. They are a good source of vitamin C and have a good amount of protein. <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide button_link=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/aras-gardens\/native-gardens\/goosefoot\/” image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/06\/IMG_2752-scaled.jpg” use_text_overlay=”on” button_text_tablet=”” button_text_phone=”” button_text_last_edited=”on|phone” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n More information about goosefoot and Indigenous peoples’ use of its seeds as food can be found by clicking here.<\/p>\n ” content_phone=”<\/p>\n Click here for more information about cultivation of goosefoot click here.<\/p>\n ” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_text_color_tablet=”” body_text_color_phone=”#ffffff” body_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_enable_color_phone=”off” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/06\/Closeup-of-goosefoot.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” locked=”off” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”Closeup of goosefoot” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n More information about goosefoot and Indigenous peoples’ use of its seeds as food can be found by clicking here.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_slide][\/et_pb_slider][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” custom_margin=”5px|||||” custom_padding=”|||3px||”][\/et_pb_text][dipl_separator separator_color=”#477559″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” locked=”off”][\/dipl_separator][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_2_text_align=”center” header_2_font_size=”30px” custom_margin=”-30px||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px|||||” header_2_font_size_tablet=”25px” header_2_font_size_phone=”20px”]<\/p>\n Bye, Robert A Jr.<\/p>\n 1981\u00a0\u00a0 Quelites- Ethnoecology of Edible Greens- Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Ethnobiology<\/em> 1(1): 109-123.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Chapman, Jefferson, Robert B. Stewart, and Richard A. Yarnell<\/p>\n 1974\u00a0\u00a0 Archaeological evidence for pre-Columbian introduction of Portulaca oleracea and Mollugo verticillata into eastern North America.\u00a0 Economic Botany<\/i> 28: 411-412.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00a0Gremillion, Kristen J.<\/p>\n 1993\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Crop and Weed in Prehistoric Eastern North America: The Chenopodium Example. American Antiquity<\/em> 58(3): 496-509.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Scarry, C. Margaret<\/p>\n 2003\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Patterns of Wild Plant Utilization in the Prehistoric Eastern Woodlands. In People and Plants in Ancient North American,<\/em> edited by Paul E. Minnis, <\/em>pp. 50-104. Smithsonian Institution, Washington.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Simopoulos, Artemis P., Helen A. Norman, James E. Gillaspy, and James A. Duke<\/p>\n 1992\u00a0\u00a0 Common purslane: a source of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants,\u00a0 Journal of the American College of Nutrition<\/i> 11(4): 374-382.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Tankersley, Kenneth Barnett, Denis G. Conover, and David L. Lentz<\/p>\n 2016\u00a0\u00a0 Stable carbon isotope values (\u03b4\u00b9\u00b3C) of purslane (Portulaca oleracea<\/em>) and their archaeological significance. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports<\/em>. 7:189-194.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" GreensIt can be challenging for archeologists to study what vegetables Indigenous people in the past were eating since leaves and fleshy parts of plants do not usually preserve in the ground for very long. Researchers do sometimes find seeds associated with plants with edible green parts that were likely gathered and eaten by people living […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":30,"featured_media":551,"parent":288,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-542","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/542","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/30"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=542"}],"version-history":[{"count":40,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/542\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2412,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/542\/revisions\/2412"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/288"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/551"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=542"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Purslane<\/h1>\n
(Portulaca oleracea)<\/em>\u00a0<\/h2>\n
Amaranth<\/h1>\n
(Amaranthus sp.)<\/em>\u00a0<\/h2>\n
Goosefoot<\/h1>\n
(Chenopodium berlandieri)<\/em>\u00a0<\/h2>\n
References<\/h2>\n