{"id":796,"date":"2021-08-31T17:54:02","date_gmt":"2021-08-31T17:54:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/?page_id=796"},"modified":"2022-05-19T21:28:55","modified_gmt":"2022-05-19T21:28:55","slug":"technology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/aras-gardens\/technology\/","title":{"rendered":"Technological Use of Plants"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”3.25″ width=”90%” max_width=”90%” module_alignment=”left” custom_margin=”-51px|auto||auto||” custom_padding=”0|0px|0|0px|false|false” use_custom_width=”on” width_unit=”off” custom_width_percent=”90%” locked=”off”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/05\/gardener-01.png” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”#556e00″ background_color_gradient_end=”#8db700″ background_color_gradient_direction=”135deg” max_width=”84px” max_width_tablet=”” max_width_phone=”20%” max_width_last_edited=”on|phone” module_alignment=”left” always_center_on_mobile=”off” locked=”off”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/06\/Rattlesnake-master-sized.png” alt=”Drawing of a leafy plant with tall stalks” title_text=”Rattlesnake master sized” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” width=”44%” width_tablet=”27%” custom_margin=”-37px|||||” module_alignment_tablet=”center” module_alignment_phone=”” module_alignment_last_edited=”on|tablet”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” text_font_size=”20px” header_font_size=”50px” module_alignment=”left” custom_margin=”55px|||-340px|false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”-5px|||0px|false|false” module_alignment_tablet=”” module_alignment_phone=”” module_alignment_last_edited=”on|desktop”]<\/p>\n

Beyond Food: Technological Use of Plants<\/h1>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ custom_margin=”-2px||||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”-31px|||0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|||||”]<\/p>\n

Plants are not just an important source of food- but also an essential raw material for making cloth, baskets, tools and houses.\u00a0 The plants that Indigenous people used to make their cloth and baskets include rattlesnake master, milkweed, dogbane, pawpaw, willow and cane. These were not just rough, coarsely made pieces of fabric but finely woven items with a variety of weaves and dyed in a variety of colors and designs. Indigenous people used wood and bottle gourds to make a variety of containers for storage and serving food. People used wood to make other tools such as handles for axes and knives, mortar and pestles, digging tools, and utensils. Wood and cane were the main raw materials that Indigenous people used in building houses and other buildings. <\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/05\/Header_icon.png” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”-33px|||||”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text content_tablet=”” content_phone=”<\/p>\n

Dogbane<\/h2>\n

(Apocynum cannabinum)<\/em><\/h2>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” module_id=”dogbane” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” custom_margin=”-38px||||false|false” header_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_text_align_tablet=”” header_2_text_align_phone=”center” header_2_text_align_last_edited=”on|phone” header_2_font_size_phone=”19px” header_3_font_tablet=”” header_3_font_phone=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_3_font_last_edited=”on|phone” header_3_text_align_tablet=”” header_3_text_align_phone=”center” header_3_text_align_last_edited=”on|phone” header_3_font_size_tablet=”” header_3_font_size_phone=”17px” header_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone”]<\/p>\n

Dogbane<\/h1>\n

(Apocynum cannabinum)<\/em><\/h2>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_slider use_text_overlay=”on” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size=”18px” background_color=”#7EBEC5″ min_height=”413.1px” custom_margin=”-32px|||||” custom_padding=”||109px|||” hover_transition_delay_tablet=”” hover_transition_delay_phone=”300ms” hover_transition_delay_last_edited=”on|phone”][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/IMG_0369-scaled.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

New young shoots in early May.<\/p>\n

” content_phone=”<\/p>\n

New young shoots in early May.<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/IMG_0369-scaled.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”Small upright plants that have green leaves and a reddish stem” title_text_phone=”Dogbane” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

New young shoots in early May.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/IMG_0412-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/IMG_0412-scaled.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”Closeup of plant with small buds” title_text_phone=”Young dogbane with flower buds” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Dogbane has a reddish stem and elongated leaves.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/dogbane-everywhere.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/dogbane-everywhere.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”Dogbane everywhere” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Dogbane spreads extensively.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Dogbane-flower-June-2021.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Dogbane-flower-June-2021.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”White flower on plant” title_text_phone=”Dogbane flower June 2021″ sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Dogbane has nice white blooms that attract a large number of polinators.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/IMG_1329-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/IMG_1329-scaled.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”A brown piece of cord” title_text_phone=”Dogbane cordage” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

The inner bark of dogbane plants was used by Indigenous Arkansans to make cordage for weaving bags and cloth.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][\/et_pb_slider][et_pb_text module_id=”milkweed” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” custom_margin=”100px||-2px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”21px||-2px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”|||0px||” header_text_align_phone=”left” header_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_text_align_tablet=”” header_2_text_align_phone=”left” header_2_text_align_last_edited=”on|phone” header_2_font_size_phone=”16px”]<\/p>\n

Milkweed<\/h1>\n

(Asclepias sp.)<\/em><\/h2>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_slider use_bg_overlay=”off” use_text_overlay=”on” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size=”18px” background_color=”#7EBEC5″ hover_transition_delay_tablet=”” hover_transition_delay_phone=”300ms” hover_transition_delay_last_edited=”on|phone”][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/begining-of-milkweed-scaled.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

Beginning of milkweed flower.<\/p>\n

” content_phone=”<\/p>\n

Beginning of milkweed flower.<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/begining-of-milkweed-scaled.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”Begining of milkweed flower” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Beginning of milkweed flower.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Milkweed-flowerin.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

There are many different species of milkweed. The ones that are best for using as fiber are those that grow tall, have thicker stems and less branching. Common milkweed and swamp milkweed are good for this purpose.<\/p>\n

” content_phone=”<\/p>\n

There are many different species of milkweed. The ones that are best for using as fiber are those that grow tall, have thicker stems and less branching. Common milkweed and swamp milkweed are good for this purpose.<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/06\/Milkweed-flowerin.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”Milkweed flowering” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

There are many different species of milkweed. The ones that are best for using as fiber are those that grow tall, have thicker stems and less branching. Common milkweed and swamp milkweed are good for this purpose. <\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Butterfly-weed-June-2021.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

Butterfly weed is technically a type of milkweed, but it is pretty low to the ground and branches so much that it is not terribly efficient for getting fiber.<\/p>\n

” content_phone=”<\/p>\n

Butterfly weed is technically a type of milkweed, but it is pretty low to the ground and branches so much that it is not terribly efficient for getting fiber.<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Butterfly-weed-June-2021.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”Orange flower” title_text_phone=”Butterfly weed June 2021″ sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Butterfly weed is technically a type of milkweed, but it is pretty low to the ground and branches so much that it is not terribly efficient for getting fiber.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Milkweed-buds-scaled.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

Pink flower of a common milkweed.<\/p>\n

” content_phone=”<\/p>\n

Pink flower of a common milkweed.<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Milkweed-buds-scaled.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”Milkweed buds” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Pink flower of a common milkweed.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Milkweedflower-scaled.jpg” content_tablet=”” content_phone=”” content_last_edited=”on|tablet” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Milkweedflower-scaled.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”Pink round flower head” title_text_phone=”Milkweedflower” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Pink flower of common milkweed.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/open-milkweedpod-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/open-milkweedpod-scaled.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”open milkweed pod” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Milkweed pod. Milkweed seeds are dispersed through the air thanks to the fluff attached to them.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][\/et_pb_slider][et_pb_text module_id=”rattlesnake master” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” custom_margin=”100px||1px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”23px||1px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|||3px||” header_text_align_phone=”left” header_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_text_align_phone=”left” header_2_font_size_phone=”16px”]<\/p>\n

Rattlesnake Master<\/h1>\n

(Eryngium yuccifolium)<\/em>\u00a0<\/h2>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_slider use_text_overlay=”on” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size=”18px” background_color=”#7EBEC5″ hover_transition_delay_tablet=”” hover_transition_delay_phone=”300ms” hover_transition_delay_last_edited=”on|phone”][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/IMG_0371-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/IMG_0371-scaled.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”Small plant emerging from gravel” title_text_phone=”Young rattlesnake master plant” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Newly emerged rattlesnake master plant, early May.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/IMG_0374-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/IMG_0374-scaled.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”Rattlesnake Master” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Rattlesnake master leaves are thick and tough. They resemble yucca leaves, hence the scientific name of the plant.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Rattlesnake-master-closeup-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Rattlesnake-master-closeup-scaled.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”Rattlesnake master closeup” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Rattlesnake master grows a long stalk on top of which its round, green flowers grown.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Bee-on-Rattlesnake-master-2.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Bee-on-Rattlesnake-master-2.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”Bee on Rattlesnake master” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Rattlesnake master flowers are attractive to many pollinators.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/WovenShoe32-52-47b.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/WovenShoe32-52-47b.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”Woven Shoe Accession number 32-52-47b” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

The tough leaves of rattlesnake master were used by Indigenous Arkansans to make bags and sandals. For more information about this woven sandal, see the Arkansas Archeological Survey’s June 2018 Artifact of the Month<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][\/et_pb_slider][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” custom_margin_tablet=”15px|||0px|false|false” custom_padding=”|||3px||” hover_enabled=”0″ header_text_align_phone=”left” header_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_text_align_phone=”left” header_2_font_size_phone=”16px” locked=”off” module_id=”bottle gourd” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Bottle Gourd<\/h1>\n

(Lagenaria siceraia)<\/em><\/h2>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_slider use_text_overlay=”on” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size=”18px” background_color=”#7EBEC5″ custom_margin=”-29px|||||” hover_transition_delay_tablet=”” hover_transition_delay_phone=”300ms” hover_transition_delay_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off”][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/09\/baby-gourd-fruit.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/09\/baby-gourd-fruit.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” locked=”off” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”Baby gourd fruit” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Bottle gourd plant with emerging fruit.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/09\/Bottle-gourds-Aug-scaled.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/09\/Bottle-gourds-Aug-scaled.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” locked=”off” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”Bottle gourds in August” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Vining bottle gourd plant with several maturing gourds.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][\/et_pb_slider][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” custom_margin=”100px||-20px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”25px||-20px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”|||3px||” header_text_align_phone=”left” header_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_text_align_phone=”left” header_2_font_size_phone=”16px”]<\/p>\n

Pawpaw<\/h1>\n

(Asimina triloba)<\/em><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_slider use_text_overlay=”on” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size=”18px” background_color=”#7EBEC5″ height_tablet=”” height_phone=”250px” height_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”||158px|||” background_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off”][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Pawpaw-tree.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

Pawpaw trees are fairly small and like shade.<\/p>\n

” content_phone=”<\/p>\n

Pawpaw trees are fairly small and like shade.<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Pawpaw-tree.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” locked=”off” alt_phone=”Small tree” title_text_phone=”Pawpaw tree” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Pawpaw trees are fairly small and like shade.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Pawpaw-flowers.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

Pawpaw trees flower in spring (April to May). Their flowers are not very showy but still pretty, dark marroon in color. Pawpaws are polinated by flies and beetles. The flowers have a smell like something roting- a very attractive scent for flies, but not so much for people. <\/p>\n

” content_phone=”<\/p>\n

Pawpaw trees flower in spring (April to May). Their flowers are not very showy but still pretty, dark marroon in color.<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Pawpaw-flowers.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” locked=”off” alt_phone=”Tiny tree with two flowers” title_text_phone=”Pawpaw flowers” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Pawpaw trees flower in spring (April to May). Their flowers are not very showy but still pretty, dark marroon in color. Pawpaws are polinated by flies and beetles. The flowers have a smell like something roting- a very attractive scent for flies, but not so much for people.\u00a0<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Pawpaw-leaf.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

The leaves of pawpaw trees are alternate and fairly long with smooth edges.<\/p>\n

” content_phone=”<\/p>\n

The leaves of pawpaw trees are alternate and fairly long with smooth edges.<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”1px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Pawpaw-leaf.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” locked=”off” alt_phone=”closeup of leaf” title_text_phone=”Pawpaw leaf” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

The leaves of pawpaw trees are alternate and fairly long with smooth edges.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Pawpawfruit-4.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

Pawpaw fruit and green in color and bean-shaped. You can start to see the fruit forming in June, but they do not become ripe and ready to eat until near the end of August or September. The fruit is yellow, sweet and custard-like.<\/p>\n

” content_phone=”<\/p>\n

Pawpaw fruit and green in color and bean-shaped. You can start to see the fruit forming in June, but they do not become ripe and ready to eat until near the end of August or September.<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size=”15px” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”1px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Pawpawfruit-4.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” locked=”off” alt_phone=”cluster of for fruit in a tree” title_text_phone=”Pawpawfruit 4″ sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Pawpaw fruit and green in color and bean-shaped. You can start to see the fruit forming in June, but they do not become ripe and ready to eat until near the end of August or September. The fruit is yellow, sweet and custard-like.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/09\/Open-pawpaw-fruit.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

Pawpaw fruit has a pleasant, sweet flavor. They are a nutrious fruit- a good source of vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, iron, and other essential vitamins and minerals.<\/p>\n

” content_phone=”<\/p>\n

Pawpaw fruit has a pleasant, sweet flavor. They are a nutrious fruit- a good source of vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, iron, and other essential vitamins and minerals.<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”1px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/09\/Open-pawpaw-fruit.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” locked=”off” alt_phone=”Green fruit split in two with yellow flesh and large black seeds” title_text_phone=”Open pawpaw fruit” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Pawpaw fruit has a pleasant, sweet flavor. They are a nutrious fruit- a good source of vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, iron, and other essential vitamins and minerals.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Pawpaw-seeds-e1629133794691.jpg” content_tablet=”<\/p>\n

The pawpaw seeds are fairly large, flat, and bean shaped.<\/p>\n

” content_phone=”<\/p>\n

The pawpaw seeds are fairly large, flat, and bean shaped.<\/p>\n

” content_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” header_text_color_tablet=”” header_text_color_phone=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” header_text_color_last_edited=”on|phone” header_font_size_tablet=”” header_font_size_phone=”1px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/Pawpaw-seeds-e1629133794691.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” locked=”off” alt_phone=”Many brown seeds with scale” title_text_phone=”Pawpaw seeds” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

The pawpaw seeds are fairly large, flat, and bean shaped. <\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][\/et_pb_slider][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” custom_margin=”100px||-20px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”22px||-20px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”|||3px||” header_text_align_phone=”left” header_font_size_phone=”24px” header_2_text_align_phone=”left” header_2_font_size_phone=”16px”]<\/p>\n

Red cedar<\/h1>\n

(Juniperus virginiana)<\/em><\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_slider use_text_overlay=”on” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size=”18px” background_color=”#7EBEC5″][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/09\/cedar-tree.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/09\/cedar-tree.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”cedar tree” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Red cedar was used by Indigenous Arkansans in the construction of buildings. <\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/09\/cedar-tree-trunk.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/09\/cedar-tree-trunk.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”cedar tree trunk” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

The flaky bark of red cedar was also used for making cordage.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/cedar.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/08\/cedar.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”Closeup of bark from a cedar tree” title_text_phone=”cedar” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Cedar bark.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][et_pb_slide image=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/09\/cedar-bark-fiber.jpg” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” body_font_size_tablet=”” body_font_size_phone=”15px” body_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” background_last_edited=”on|phone” background_image_phone=”https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2021\/09\/cedar-bark-fiber.jpg” background_enable_image_phone=”on” alt_phone=”%22%22″ title_text_phone=”cedar bark fiber” sticky_transition=”on”]<\/p>\n

Cedar bark fiber.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_slide][\/et_pb_slider][dipl_separator separator_color=”#477559″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” locked=”off”][\/dipl_separator][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”-13px|auto||auto||”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font=”BioRhyme||||||||” header_2_text_align=”center” header_2_font_size=”30px” custom_margin=”0px||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px|||||” header_2_font_size_tablet=”25px” header_2_font_size_phone=”20px”]<\/p>\n

References<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

Horton, Elizabeth T.<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The Ties that Bind: Fabric Traditions and Fiber Use in the Ozark Plateau. Ph.D. dissertation, Washington University, St. Louis.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Scholtz, Sandra Clemments<\/p>\n

1975\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Prehistoric Plies: A Structural and Comparative Analysis of Cordage Netting Basketry and Fabric from Ozark Bluff Shelters.\u00a0 Research Series No. 9. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ fullwidth=”on” _builder_version=”4.7.5″ _module_preset=”default”][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Beyond Food: Technological Use of PlantsPlants are not just an important source of food- but also an essential raw material for making cloth, baskets, tools and houses.\u00a0 The plants that Indigenous people used to make their cloth and baskets include rattlesnake master, milkweed, dogbane, pawpaw, willow and cane. These were not just rough, coarsely made […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":30,"featured_media":790,"parent":46,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-796","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/796","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/30"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=796"}],"version-history":[{"count":39,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/796\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2420,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/796\/revisions\/2420"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/790"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archeology.uark.edu\/gga\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=796"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}