Mary Beth Trubitt (Arkansas Archeological Survey, Henderson State University Research Station)
As I write this, Black Lives Matter protests and rallies for racial justice are growing in cities and towns across our country. To me, quietly writing about arrow points seems inadequate, and I ask myself what I can do. I can listen. I can read and learn. I can teach. So, I put together several short essays as “remote archeology lab day” postings to our station’s Facebook page. I wanted to share some thoughts on how archeology can shed light on the past lives of African Americans in Arkansas, because our past impacts us in the present day.
I start with a chapter on the intersection of archeology and public service by my late colleague Jamie Brandon. Brandon (2016) discussed several Arkansas examples that show the importance of making archeological research relevant to people, including descendant communities and the broader public. His archeological project at Van Winkle’s Mill sheds light on the lives of the white owners of the nineteenth-century sawmill as well as the enslaved and free African Americans who worked there before and after the Civil War. Project results have been conveyed to thousands of visitors to Hobbs State Park, and incorporated into fifth-grade curricula on African American heritage in the Arkansas Ozarks for area schoolchildren. Brandon (2013:48) wrote that he tried to reverse the “hillbilly narrative” that “obscures much diversity in the region and, more importantly, absolves the region from its history of racial conflicts.”
Arkansas Archeological Survey archeologists have worked with community groups on several projects to learn more about African American heritage in Arkansas. Take a look, for example, at the cemetery cleaning, mapping, and remote sensing done at the Norwood–Mt. Olive Cemetery by Tim Mulvihill and Jami Lockhart with community members and descendants. I worked with members of the Buffaloes’ Foundation to photograph, document grave markers, and map the Helm Cemetery in Arkadelphia. Jodi Barnes has a multifaceted project to learn about the lives of the people – white and black – who lived and worked at Hollywood Plantation. Her research into the nineteenth-century women who lived at the Brownlee House in Little Rock led to a Preserve Arkansas “Behind the Big House” public program in 2019. Archeology can highlight forgotten pasts that continue to have repercussions for people living here today.
In recent years, archeologists are expanding research on African American heritage from work on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century sites to investigating life in the US in the twentieth century. This work typically involves active collaboration between archaeologists, descendants, and local residents, that is, public archeology or community archeology. Anna Agbe-Davies (2010:173) writes: “Archaeology is valuable to the people I work with not only, or even primarily, because it tells us something new about the past. Rather, archaeology points official attention to silenced stories, it provides necessary analyses of the contemporary environment, it makes connections between the past and the present visible and concrete.”
Some of these projects focus on the variation in lifeways in African American communities and neighborhoods (e.g., Franklin and Lee 2019; Scott 2019) while others explore anti-black racism that displaced communities through racial violence or urban renewal in the twentieth century (e.g., González-Tennant 2018; Mullins 2006). Our colleagues at the Oklahoma Archeological Survey and others are uncovering the history of the Tulsa massacre (see https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/02/03/tulsa-mass-graves-excavation/ and https://www.cbsnews.com/news/greenwood-massacre-tulsa-oklahoma-1921-race-riot-60-minutes-2020-06-14/; see also https://tulsasyllabus.web.unc.edu/). Unfortunately, Arkansas has its own twentieth-century history of race massacres.
Edward González-Tennant (2018:1) began his book on the Rosewood (Florida) massacre: “My primary goal in writing is to shed a light on the deep temporal connections between past racial violence and modern social inequality. It can be an uncomfortable course of inquiry, particularly at this moment in time.” Yes, it is uncomfortable, but we need to learn about – and learn from – our history. With the coronavirus pandemic this spring, I kept saying “when things get back to normal.” Now I know we should not go back, we need to move forward, and we all have some work to do.
Over the past weeks, many organizations and corporations have made statements in support of racial justice and the Black Lives Matter movement. For example, the Association of Black Anthropologists issued a statement, and the Southeastern Archaeological Conference recently posted its statement.
Universities – including Henderson State University and the University of Arkansas – are engaged in campus conversations on combating racism and promoting inclusivity. Chancellor Joe Steinmetz encouraged the University of Arkansas community to read posts on the Twitter hashtag #BlackatUARK as a way to listen and learn. More broadly, the Twitter hashtag #BlackInTheIvory has been trending with stories of racism in academia. Listening, reflecting, and learning is a first step.
What actions can we take as a next step? Over 20 years ago, Maria Franklin (1997) asked “Why are there so few black American archaeologists?” She faulted “our attempts as archaeologists to build relationships with the public, especially with descendant communities” (Franklin 1997:800). Since then, the field of public or community archeology has grown, archeological research on the African diaspora has expanded, and the numbers of black archeologists have increased (Lee and Scott 2019). The Society of Black Archaeologists was founded in 2011.
